Jamb chemistry Syllabus and Recommended Textbooks to Read

ii. Identify the different types of acids and bases.

iii. Determine the basicity of acids.

iv. Differentiate between acidity and alkalinity using acid/base indicators.

v. Identify the various methods of preparation of salts.

vi. Classify different types of salts.

vii. Relate degree of dissociation to strength of acids and bases.

viii. Relate degree of dissociation to conductance.

ix. Perform simple calculations on pH and OH.

x. Identify the appropriate acid-base indicator.

xi. Interpret graphical representation of titration curves.

xii. Perform simple calculations based on the mole concept.

xiii. Balance equations for the hydrolysis of salts.

xiv. Deduce the properties (acidic, basic, neutral) of the resultant solution.

Content

(a) General characteristics and properties of acids, bases and salts; acids/base indicators, basicity of acids, normal, acidic, basic and double salts; An acid defined as a substance whose aqueous solution furnishes H₃O+ions or as a proton donor; ethanoic, citric and tartaric acids as examples of naturally occurring organic acids; alums as examples of double salts; preparation of salts by neutralization, precipitation and action of acids on metals; oxides and trioxocarbonate (IV) salts.

(b) Qualitative comparison of the conductances of molar solutions of strong and weak acids and bases; relationship between conductance and amount of ions present and their relative mobilities.

(c) Ph and Poh scale; Simple calculations.

(d) Acid/base titrations.

iii. deduce reasons for the variation in the composition of air in the environment.iv. specify the uses of some of the constituents of air.

Content

(a) The natural gaseous constituents and their proportion in the air – nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon (IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon and neon).

(b) Air as a mixture and some uses of the noble gas.

Candidates should be able to:i. distinguish between atom, molecules and ions.

ii. assess the contributions of these scientists to the development of the atomic structure.

iii. deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons from atomic and mass numbers of an atom.

iv. apply the rules guiding the arrangement of electrons in an atom.

v. identity common elements exhibiting isotopy;

vi. relate isotopy to mass number.

vii. perform simple calculations on relative atomic mass.

viii. determine the number of electrons in s and p atomic orbitals.

ix. relate atomic number to the position of an element on the periodic table.

x. relate properties of groups of elements on the periodic table.

xi. identify reasons for variation in properties across the period.

xii. differentiate between the different types of bonding.

xiii. deduce bond types based on electron configurations.

xiv. relate the nature of bonding to properties of compounds.

xv. apply it in everyday chemistry.

xvi. differentiate between the various shapes of molecules.

xvii. distinguish between ordinary chemical reaction and nuclear reaction.

xviii. differentiate between natural and artificial radioactivity.

xix. compare the properties of the different types of nuclear radiations.

xx. compute simple calculations on the half-life of a radioactive material.

xxi. balance simple nuclear equation.

xxii. identify the various applications of radioactivity.

2. Atomic structure, electron configuration, atomic number, mass number and isotopes; specific examples should be drawn from elements of atomic number 1 to 20.3. Shapes of s and p orbitals.

(b)

1. The periodic table and periodicity of elements.

2. Presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements e.g. alkali metals, halogens, the noble gases and transition metals.

3. The variation of the following properties should be noticed: ionization energy, ionic radii, electron affinity and electronegativity.

(c)

1. Chemical Bonding: Electrovalency and covalency, the electron configuration of elements and their tendency to attain the noble gas structure.

2. Hydrogen bonding and metallic bonding as special types of electrovalency and covalency respectively.

3. Coordinate bond as a typ of covalent bond as illustrated by complexes like [Fe(CN)₆]_3-, [Fe(CN)₆]4-, [Cu(NH₃)₄]2+ and [Ag(NH₃)₂]+; van der Waals’ forces should be mentioned as a special type of bonding forces.

(d)

1. Shapes of simple molecules: linear ((₂, O2C₁₂,HCI and CO₂), non-linear (H₂O) and tetrahedral. (CH)

(e) Nuclear Chemistry:

1. Radioactivity (elementary treatment only).

2. Nuclear reactions, simple equations, uses and applications of natural and artificial radioactivity.

Candidates should be able to:i. perform simple calculations involving formulae, equations/chemical composition and the mole concept.

ii. deduce the chemical laws from given expressions/statements/data.

iii. interpret graphical representations related to these laws.

iv. deduce the stoichiometry of chemical reactions.

Content

(a) Stoichiometry.

(b) Laws of definite and multiple proportions.

(c) Law of conservation of matter.

(d) Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes.

(g) Relative atomic mass based on 12C=12.

(i) The mole concept and Avogadro’s number.

Candidates should be able to:i. identify the factors that affect the position of equilibrium of a chemical reaction.

ii. predict the effects of each factor on the position of equilibrium.

iii. determine the effects of these factors on equilibrium constant.

Candidates should be able to:i. classify chemical industri in terms products.

ii. identify raw materials for eacindustry.

iii. distinguish between fine and heav chemicals.

iv. enumerate the relevance of each of theindustries.

v. relate industrial processes to biotechnology.

Content

Chemical industries: Types, raw materials and relevancies; Biotechnology.

Candidates should be able to:i. identify between electrolytes and non- electrolytes.

ii. perform calculations based on faraday as a mole of electrons.

iii. identify suitable electrodes for different electrolytes.

iv. specify the chemical reactions at the electrodes.

v. determine the products at the electrodes.

vi. identify the factors that affect the product of electrolysis.

vii. specify the different areas of application of electrolysis.

viii. identify the various electrochemical cells.

ix. calculate electrode potentials using half-cell reaction equations.

x. determine the different areas of applications of electrolytic processes.

xi. identify methods used in protecting metals.

1. Electrolysis of dilute H₂SO₄, aqueous CuSO₄, CuCl₂ solution, dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions and fused NaCl.

2. Factors affecting discharge of ions at the electrodes.

(c) Uses of electrolysis: Purification of metals e.g. copper and production of elements and compounds (Al, Na, O₂, Cl₂ and NaOH).

(d) Electrochemical cells: Redox series (K, Na, Ca, Mg, AI, Zn, Fe, PbII, H, Cu, Hg, Au,) half-cell reactions and electrode potentials. (Simple calculations only).

(e) Corrosion as an electrolytic process, cathodic protection of metals, painting, electroplating and coating with grease or oil as ways of preventing iron from corrosion.

Candidates should be able to:i. determine the types of heat changes (?H) in physical and chemical processes.

ii. interpret graphical representations of heat changes.

iii. relate the physical state of a substance to the degree of orderliness.

iv. determine the conditions for spontaneity of a reaction.

v. relate ?H⁰, ?S⁰ and ?G⁰ as the driving forces for chemical reactions.

vi. solve simple problems based on the relationships ?G⁰= ?H⁰ -T?S⁰).

Candidates should be able to:i. identify the different types of pollution and pollutants.

ii. specify different sources of pollutants.

ii. classify pollutants as biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

iii. specify the effects of pollution on the environment.

v. identify measures for control of environmental pollution.

iii. draw inferences based on molecular motion.

iv. deduce gas laws from given expressions/statements.

v. interpret graphical representations related to these laws.

vi. perform simple calculations based on these laws, equations and relationships.

1. Melting

2. Vapourization

3. Boiling

4. Freezing

5. condensation in terms of molecular motion and Brownian movement.

(b)

1. The laws of Boyle, Charles, Graham and Dalton (law of partialpressure); combined gas law, molar volume and atomicity
of gases.

2. The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT).

3. The relationship between vapour density of gases and the relative molecular mass.

i. specify the general properties of metals.

ii. determine the method of extraction suitable for each metal.

iii. relate the methods of extraction to the properties for the metals.

iv. compare the chemical reactivities of the metals.

v. specify the uses of the metals.

vi. determine specific test for metallic ions.

vii. determine the process for the production of the compounds of these metals.

viii. compare the chemical reactivities of the compounds.

ix. specify the uses of these compounds.

x. specify the chemical composition of cement.

Xi. describe the method of purification of bauxite.

xii. specify the ores of tin.

xiii. relate the method of extraction to its properties.

xiv. specify the uses of tin.

xv. identify the general properties of the first transition metals.

xvi. deduce reasons for the specific properties of the transition metals.

xvii. determine the IUPAC names of simple transition metal complexes.

xviii. determine the suitable method of extraction of iron.

xix. specify the properties and uses of iron.

xx. identify the different forms of iron, their compositions, properties and uses.

Xxi. identify the appropriate method of extraction of copper from its compounds.

xxii. relate the properties of copper and its compound to their uses.

Xxiii. specify the method for the preparation of CuSO₄.

xxiv. specify the constituents and uses of the variousalloys mentioned.

Xxv. compare the properties and uses of alloys to pure metals.

2. Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV): Production by Solvay process, properties and uses, e.g. Na₂CO₃ in the manufacture of glass.

3. Sodium chloride: its occurrence in sea water and uses, the economic importance of sea water and the recovery of sodium chloride.

(c) Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium: Calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV); properties and uses. Preparation of calcium oxide from sea shells.The chemical composition of cement and the setting of mortar; test for Ca²⁺.

(d) Aluminium: Purification of bauxite, electrolytic extraction, properties and uses of aluminium and its compounds; Test for A1³.

(e) Tin: Extraction from its ores; properties and uses.

(f) Metals of the first transition series: Characteristic properties:

1. Electron configuration.

2. Oxidation states.

3. Complexion formation.

4. Formation of coloured ions.

5. Catalysis.

(g) Iron: extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses; different forms of iron and their properties and advantages of steel over iron. Test for Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.

(h) Copper: extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses of copper salts, preparation and uses of copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI). Test for Cu²⁺.

(i) Alloy: steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, type- metal, duralumin, soft solder, permallory and alnico(constituents and uses only).

Candidates should be able to:i. specify the general properties of metals.

ii. determine the method of extraction suitable for each metal.

iii. relate the methods of extraction to the properties for the metals.

iv. compare the chemical reactivities of the metals.

v. specify the uses of the metals.

vi. determine specific test for metallic ions.

vii. determine the process for the production of the compounds of these metals.

viii. compare the chemical reactivities of the compounds.

ix. specify the uses of these compounds.

x. specify the chemical composition of cement.

xi. describe the method of purification of bauxite.

xii. specify the ores of tin.

xiii. relate the method of extraction to its properties.

xiv. specify the uses of tin.

xv. identify the general properties of the first transition metals.

xvi. deduce reasons for the specific properties of the transition metals.

xvii. determine the IUPAC names of simple transition metal complexes.

xviii. determine the suitable method of extraction of iron.

xix. specify the properties and uses of iron.

xx. identify the different forms of iron, their compositions, properties and uses.

xxi. identify the appropriate method of extraction of copper from its compounds.

xxii. relate the properties of copper and its compound to their uses.

xxiii. specify the method for the preparation of CuSO₄.

xxiv. specify the constituents and uses of the variousalloys mentioned.

xxv. compare the properties and uses of alloys to pure metals.

(b) Alkali metals e.g. sodium:1. Sodium hydroxide:- Production by electrolysis of brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and lead ions. Uses including precipitation of metallic hydroxides.

2. Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV): Production by Solvay process, properties and uses, e.g. Na₂CO₃ in the manufacture of glass.

3. Sodium chloride: its occurrence in sea water and uses, the economic importance of sea water and the recovery of sodium chloride.

(c) Alkaline-earth metals, e.g. calcium: Calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV); properties and uses. Preparation of calcium oxide from sea shells.The chemical composition of cement and the setting of mortar; test for Ca²⁺.

(d) Aluminium: Purification of bauxite, electrolytic extraction, properties and uses of aluminium and its compounds; Test for A1³.

(e) Tin: Extraction from its ores; properties and uses.

(f) Metals of the first transition series: Characteristic properties:

1. Electron configuration.

2. Oxidation states.

3. Complexion formation.

4. Formation of coloured ions.

5. Catalysis.

(g) Iron: extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses; different forms of iron and their properties and advantages of steel over iron. Test for Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.

(h) Copper: extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses of copper salts, preparation and uses of copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI). Test for Cu²⁺.

(i) Alloy: steel, stainless steel, brass, bronze, type- metal, duralumin, soft solder, permallory and alnico(constituents and uses only).

Candidates should be able to:i. derive the name of organic compounds from their general formulae.

ii. relate the name of a compound to its structure.

iii. relate the tetravalency of carbon to its ability to form chains of compound (catenation).

iv. classify compounds according to their functional groups.

v. derive empirical formula and molecular formula, from given data.

vi. relate structure/functional groups to specific properties.

vii. derive various isomeric form from a given formula.

viii. distinguish between the different types of isomerism.

ix. classify the various types of hydrocarbon.

x. distinguish each class of hydrocarbon by their properties.

xi. specify the uses of various hydrocarbons.

xii. identify crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbon.

xiii. relate the fractions of hydrocarbon to their properties and uses.

xiv. relate transformation processes to quality improvement of the fractions.

xv. distinguish between various polymerization processes.

xvi. specify the process involved in vulcanization.

xvii. specify chemical test for terminal alkynes.

xviii. distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

xix. relate the properties of benzene to its structure.

xx. compare the various classes of alkanols.

xxi. determine the processes involved in ethanol production.

xxii. examine the importance of ethanol as an alternative energy provider.

xxiii. differentiate the various classes of alkanols.

xxiv. differentiate between alkanals and alkanones.

xxv. compare the variou types of alkanoic acids.

xxvi. identify natural sources oalkanoates.

xxvii. specify the methods for the production of soap, detergent and margarine.

xxviii. distinguish betweedetergent and soap.

xxix. compare the various classes oalkanamine.

xxx. identify the natural sources of carbohydrats.

xxxi. compare the various classes of carbohydrats.

xxxii. infer the products of hydrolysis and dehydration of carbohydrates.

xxxiii. determine the uses carbohydrates.

xxxiv. specify the tests for simple sugars.

xxxv. identify the basic structure of proteins.

xxxvi. specify the methods and products of hydrolysis.

xxxvii. specify the various tests for proteins.

xxxviii. distinguish between natural and synthetic polymers.

xxxix. differentiate between addition and condensation polymerization processes.

xl. classify natural and commercial polymers and their uses.

xli. distinguish between thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.

(a) Aliphatic hydrocarbons.

1. Alkanes:

Homologous series in relation to physical properties, substitution reaction and a few examples and uses of halogenated products.

Isomerism: structural only (examples on isomerism should not go beyond six carbon atoms).

Petroleum:composition,fractional distillation and major products; cracking and reforming, Petrochemicals – starting materials of organic syntheses, quality of petrol and meaning of octane number.

2. Alkenes:

Isomerism: structural and geometric isomerism, additional and polymerization reactions, polythene and synthetic rubber as examples of products of polymerization and its use in vulcanization.

3. Alkynes:

Ethyne – production from action of water on carbides, simple reactions and properties of ethyne.

(b) Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene – structure, properties and uses.

(c) Alkanols:

Primary, secondary, tertiary – production of ethanol by fermentation and from petroleumby-products. Localexamples of fermentation and distillation, e.g. gin from palm wine and other local sources and glycerol as a polyhydric alkanol. Reactions of OH group – oxidation as a distinguishing test among primary, secondary and tertiary alkanols (Lucas test).

(d) Alkanals and alkanones:

Chemical test to distinguish between alkanals and alkanones.

(e) Alkanoic acids:

Chemical reactions; neutralization and esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid as an example of a dicarboxylic acid and benzene carboxylic acid as an example of an aromatic acid.

(f) Alkanoates:

Formation from alkanoic acids and alkanols – fats and oils as alkanoates. Saponification: Production of soap and
margarine from alkanoates and distinction between detergents and soaps.

(g) Amines (Alkanamines) Primary,Secondar and tertiary.

(h) Carbohydrates:

Classification – mono-, di- and polysaccharides; composition, chemical tests for simple sugars and reaction with concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. Hydrolysis ofcomplex sugars e.g. cellulose from cotton and starch from cassava, the uses of sugar and starch in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals and textiles.

(i) Proteins:

Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (Ninhydrin, Biuret, MillonÂ’s and xanthoproteic) Enzymes and their functions.

(j) Polymers:

Natural and synthetic rubber; addition and condensation polymerization.

Methods of preparation, examples and use Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.

Candidates should be able to:i. identify the various forms of expressing oxidation and reduction.

ii. classify chemical reactions in terms of oxidation or reduction.

iii. balance redox reaction equations.

iv. deduce the oxidation number of chemical species.

v. compute the number of electron transfer in redox reactions.

vi. identify the name of redox species in a reaction.

vii. distinguish between oxidizing and reducing agents in redox reactions.

viii. apply oxidation number in naming inorganic compounds.

ix. relate reagents to their oxidizing and reducing abilities.

i. identify the factors that affect the rates of a chemical reaction.

ii. determine the effects of temperature on the rate of reactions.

iii. examine the effect of concentration/pressure on the rate of a chemical reaction.

iv. describe how the rate of a chemical reaction is affected by surface area.

v. determine the types of catalysts suitable for different reactions and their effects.

vi. determine ways of moderating these effects in chemical reactions.

vii. interpret reaction rate curves.

viii. solve simple problems on the rate of reactions.

ix. relate the rate of reaction to the kinetic theory of matter.

x. examine the significance of activation energy to chemical reactions.

xi. deduce the value of activation energy (Ea) from reaction rate curves.

2. Concentration e.g. the reaction between HCl and Na₂S₂O₃, HCl and marble and the iodine clock reaction, for gaseous systems, pressure may be used as concentration term.

3. Surface area e.g. the reaction between marble and HCI with marble in (i) powdered form (ii) lumps of the same mass.

4. Catalyst e.g. the decomposition of H₂O₂ or KCIO₃ in the presence or absence of MnO₂.

(b) Reaction rate curves.

(c) Activation energy. Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius’ law and the collision theory, effect of light on some reactions e.g. halogenation of alkanes.

(i) distinguish between the different types of solutions.

(ii) interpret solubility curves.

(iii) calculate the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.

(iv) deduce that solubility is temperature-dependent.

(v) relate nature of solvents to their uses.

(vi) differentiate among true solution, suspension and colloids.

(vii) compare the properties of a true solution and a false solution.

(viii) provide typical examples of suspensions and colloids.

i. identify the various uses of water.

ii. identity the effects of dissolved atmospheric gases in water.

iii. distinguish between the properties of hard and soft water.

iv. determine the causes of hardness.

v. identify methods of removal of hardness.

vi. describe the processes involved in the treatment of water for town supply.

vii. distinguish between these phenomena.

viii. identify the various compounds that exhibit these phenomena.